Jannes and Jambres (also spelled Jamnes and Mambres) are the traditional names of the Egyptian magicians or sorcerers at Pharaoh's court who opposed Moses and Aaron during the Exodus.
Biblical and Extra-Biblical References
• Old Testament (Anonymous): The Book of Exodus describes Pharaoh's wise men and sorcerers mimicking early signs (turning staffs into serpents, water into blood, and bringing up frogs), but they are never named in the text.
• New Testament (2 Timothy 3:8): The Apostle Paul explicitly names them when warning Timothy about false teachers: "Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these teachers oppose the truth."
• Ancient & Rabbinic Literature: They appear in the Talmud, Targums, Qumran Dead Sea Scrolls (such as the Damascus Document), and the apocryphal Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres. Roman writers like Pliny the Elder and Apuleius also reference them as famous sorcerers.
• Second Temple and Rabbinic Lore: Traditions depict them as chief counselors or sons of Balaam, claiming they foretold Moses's birth, aided in making the golden calf, and were eventually slain.
Opinions on the origin of Paul's use of these names differ on the Puritan Board, where some view the names as drawn from widely known Second Temple Jewish tradition as a helpful illustration, while others maintain they represent inspired revelation.
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